Bharatnatyam Revival: The Reclaiming of India's Classical Dance Form by Rukmini Devi Arundale
Rukmini Devi Arundale, a name synonymous with the revival and global recognition of Bharatnatyam, stands as a towering figure in Indian cultural history. Her unwavering dedication to this ancient art form rescued it from near obscurity and paved the way for its widespread acceptance, transforming it into one of India’s most celebrated dance traditions.
Born in 1908, Rukmini Devi was a woman ahead of her time. Steeped in the intellectual and spiritual atmosphere fostered by her family, she excelled in academics, music, and literature. However, it was a chance encounter with Bharatnatyam that ignited a lifelong passion. At a time when dance was considered taboo and relegated to temple spaces, Rukmini Devi recognized its profound artistic and cultural significance.
Driven by an unwavering belief in the power of art, she embarked on a journey to learn and master Bharatnatyam. Undeterred by social disapproval and lack of formal training avenues, she sought out legendary gurus like Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, who patiently guided her through the intricacies of this demanding dance form.
Her commitment extended beyond personal mastery; Rukmini Devi envisioned a world where Bharatnatyam thrived not just as a relic of the past but as a vibrant and relevant art form for future generations. To realize this vision, she established Kalakshetra Foundation in Chennai in 1936.
Kalakshetra, meaning “Temple of Art,” became Rukmini Devi’s magnum opus. More than just a dance school, it was a holistic institution dedicated to nurturing all aspects of Indian arts and culture.
Curriculum & Pedagogy at Kalakshetra:
Rukmini Devi believed in a comprehensive approach to dance education, weaving together technical training with a deep understanding of the underlying philosophy and cultural context of Bharatnatyam.
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| Technical Training: | Rigorous training in adavus (basic steps), karanas (body postures), mudras (hand gestures), abhinaya (expression), and sahitya (lyrics) |
| Music & Rhythm: | Emphasis on Carnatic music, the traditional accompaniment for Bharatnatyam. Students learned vocal techniques, musical notation, and rhythmic patterns. |
| Philosophy & Aesthetics: | Exploration of Hindu scriptures, mythology, and dance aesthetics to develop a deeper understanding of the artistic and spiritual dimensions of Bharatnatyam. |
Rukmini Devi’s unique pedagogical approach at Kalakshetra revolutionized the teaching of classical dance in India. It fostered not only technically proficient dancers but also individuals who possessed a profound understanding of the art form’s cultural roots and aesthetic nuances.
Legacy & Impact:
Rukmini Devi Arundale’s impact on Bharatnatyam extends far beyond Kalakshetra. She challenged societal norms, legitimized dance as an esteemed art form, and paved the way for its global recognition.
Her tireless efforts:
- Elevated Bharatnatyam to a respected art form: Previously confined to temple spaces and viewed with suspicion by certain sections of society, she brought it into the mainstream.
- Empowered women: She opened opportunities for women to pursue dance as a profession, defying traditional gender roles.
- Spread awareness globally: Her performances and workshops introduced Bharatnatyam to audiences worldwide, establishing it as a revered classical dance form on the international stage.
Today, Kalakshetra stands as a testament to Rukmini Devi’s vision. It continues to be a leading institution for Bharatnatyam training, attracting students from across the globe who seek to immerse themselves in this beautiful and enduring art form.
Rukmini Devi Arundale’s legacy is not simply confined to dance steps; it represents a profound cultural shift. Her unwavering dedication to preserving and promoting India’s rich artistic heritage continues to inspire generations of artists, scholars, and cultural enthusiasts worldwide.